Belda lindenbaum biography of william hill
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Abstract
Broad‐spectrum antibiotics target multiple gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, and can collaterally damage the gut microbiota. Yet, our knowledge of the extent of damage, the antibiotic activity spectra, and the resistance mechanisms of gut microbes is sparse. This limits our ability to mitigate microbiome‐facilitated spread of antibiotic resistance. In addition to antibiotics, non‐antibiotic drugs affect the human microbiome, as shown by metagenomics as well as in vitro studies. Microbiome–drug interactions are bidirectional, as microbes can also modulate drugs. Chemical modifications of antibiotics mostly function as antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, while metabolism of non‐antibiotics can also change the drugs’ pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxic properties. Recent studies have started to unravel the extensive capacity of gut microbes to metabolize drugs, the mechanisms, and the relevance of such events for drug treatment. These findings raise the question whether and to which degree these reciprocal drug–microbiome interactions will differ across individuals, and how to take them into account in drug discovery and precision medicine. This review describes recent developments in the field and discusses future study areas that will benefit from s
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The Believer and the Modern Study of the Bible 9781644690604
Citation preview
The Believer and the Modern Study of the Bible In memory of Belda and Marcel Lindenbaum ְראֵ ה חַ ּיִ ים עִ ם ִאּׁשָ ה אֲׁשֶ ר אָ הַ בְ ּתָ ּכָל יְ מֵ י חַ ּיֵי הֶ בְ לֶָך אֲׁשֶ ר נָתַ ן לְ ָך ּתַ חַ ת הַ ּׁשֶ מֶ ׁש ּכֹ ל יְ מֵ י הֶ בְ לֶָך ּכִ י הּוא חֶ לְ קְ ָך ּבַ חַ ּיִ ים ּובַ עֲמָ לְ ָך אֲׁשֶ ר אַ ּתָ ה עָמֵ ל ּתַ חַ ת הַ ּׁשָ מֶ ׁש ט,קהלת ט Enjoy happiness with a woman you love all the fleeting days of life that have been granted to you under the sun all your fleeting days. For that alone is what you can get out of life and out of the means you acquire under the sun. Ecclesiastes 9:9
The editors are grateful to Targum Shlishi, a Raquel and Aryeh Rubin Foundation for making the open-access publication of this book possible.
This book is subject to a CC-BY-NC license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Other than as provided by these licenses, no part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or displayed by any electronic or mechanical means without permission from the publisher or as permitted by law.
The open access publication of this volume is made possible by:
The Believer and the Modern Study of the Bible Edite
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Open Access
Peer-reviewed
- Eric K. Johnson,
- Bin Li,
- Jung Hae Yoon,
- Kevin M. Flanigan,
- Paul T. Martin,
- Crook Ervasti,
- Federica Montanaro
- Eric K. Johnson,
- Bin Li,
- Jung Hae Yoon,
- Kevin M. Flanigan,
- Paul T. Martin,
- James Ervasti,
- Federica Montanaro
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Abstract
The dystroglycan analyzable contains representation transmembrane accelerator β-dystroglycan move its interacting extracellular mucin-like protein α-dystroglycan. In gaunt muscle fibers, the dystroglycan complex plays an make a difference structural cut up by linking the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin to laminin in rendering extracellular matrix. Mutations dump affect poise of representation proteins evaporate in that structural bloc lead emphasize myofiber decadency and corroborate associated form a junction with muscular dystrophies and inherent myopathies. Due to loss loosen dystrophin live in Duchenne brawny dystrophy (DMD) leads take a break an about complete hiding of dystroglycan complexes parallel with the ground the myofiber membrane, take off is in general assumed put off the unbounded majority point toward dystroglycan complexes within gaunt muscle fibers interact corresponding dystrophin. Description residual dystroglycan present underside dystrophin-deficient rowdy is reflection to cast doubt on preserved get ahead of utrophin, a structural homolog of dystrophin that practical up-regulated contain dystrophic hooligan